STUDY NOTES

The questions for the one-hour essay part of the final exam will be drawn roughly (though not exactly!) from the general kinds of questions used as subtitles for each class. There will be two possible questions, from which one is to be chosen.

The identifications for the final exam will be selected from among the items below. Selected items will appear on the exam exactly as they do here (including any dates). There will be twelve items, from which ten will be chosen.

ONE--
sindhu/Ind/Hind/Sind/Indus

TWO--
Indus Valley urban architecture
Indus Valley seals
the Indus Valley language
the end of the Indus Valley civilization

THREE--
"Proto-Indo-European" and its descendants
the "purusha-sukta"
the Vedic role of Agni
Indra and his conquest of Vritra
Rudra

FOUR--
the syllable "OM"
the four main "varna" categories
the Mahajanapadas
Naciketas, his father, and Yama
Kautilya's "Artha-shastra"

FIVE--
the Tirthankara Mahavira
Digambaras and Shvetambaras
krita, treta, dvapara, kali yugas
the Four Noble Truths
Jain and Buddhist monasticism-- and women

SIX--
the Persian Empire c.490 BCE
Alexander the Great's visit, 327-326 BCE
Gandhara
Ashoka Maurya, r.c.270-230 BCE
the Pali Canon, 1st c. BCE 

SEVEN--
dharma, the first end of man
avatars
Rama as a supremely just king
Sita's chastity tested
Hanuman as devotee

EIGHT--
artha, the second end of man
kama, the third end of man
Kalidasa's "Shakuntala"
Shiva's various forms
the role of Brahma

NINE--
Krishna as Arjuna's charioteer
the Bhagavad Gita
sva-dharma
karma-yoga
bhakti-yoga

TEN--
saguna bhakti
nirguna bhakti
Krishna and Radha
Surdas, late 1400's-early 1500's
Kabir, c. early 1400's?

ELEVEN--
Stein's "third wave of urbanization"
"Hindu, Muslim, British" periods
Eaton on temple destruction
Khajuraho, 10th-11th c.
the political uses of temples

TWELVE--
Four problematical theories of conversion to Islam
Malabar and Coromandel port towns
Mahmud Ghaznavi and Somnath, c.1025/6
Lahore under the Ghaznavids, 1020-1186
Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh, Lahore, 1039-72

THIRTEEN--
the importance of the Mongols
the Delhi Sultanate(s), 1200-1526
the Qutb Minar and the Qubbat ul-Islam Mosque
Guru Nanak, 1469-1539
the Guru Granth Sahib

FOURTEEN--
Akbar and the Rajputs
the mansabdari system
Akbar's religious views
Fatahpur Sikri
Raja Man Singh and Dhaka

FIFTEEN--
Jahangir and his painters
robes of honor, and salt
Shah Jahan and his architecture
Friar Manrique's experience
akhlaq literature

SIXTEEN--
John Richards on early modernity
Aurangzeb and temple-destruction
Dara Shikoh's religious views
Aurangzeb vs. Shivaji
why the Mughal empire broke down

SEVENTEEN--
Clive at Plassey, 1757
the role of sepoys
the Company's diwani in Bengal
modern debates about Tipu Sultan
Stein on the roles of local "gentry," 1700's

EIGHTEEN--
Ram Mohun Roy (c1774-1833)
Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1824-83)
Shri Ramakrishna (1836-86)
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
Pankaj Mishra on Hinduism

NINETEEN--
some causes of the Rebellion of 1857
Charles C. Hazewell on "nations" and "races"
the role of the Mughal court, 1857-58
some reasons why the Rebellion of 1857 failed
Stein on the mid-1800's as a turning point

TWENTY--
Macaulay's "Minute on Education," 1834
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-98)
MAO College, Aligarh, 1877
Sir Sayyid's view of British rule
Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938)

TWENTY-ONE--
the Indian National Congress, 1885
the partition of Bengal, 1905
swadeshi and spinning
satyagraha
the Khilafat Movement

TWENTY-TWO--
'Harijan', 'scheduled caste', 'Dalit'
Dr. Ambedkar and Buddhism
Dr. Ambedkar's critique of Gandhi
"The Annihilation of Caste"
Stein on tensions in the Congress Party

TWENTY-THREE--
'Bharat Mata' as a deity
the Salt March, 1930
Subhash Chandra Bose (1897-1945)
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah's early career

TWENTY-FOUR--
the "two-nation" theory
how both Congress and the League came to agree on partition
Jinnah's first speech in the new Pakistan
the birth of Bangladesh, 1971-72
Romila Thapar's study of sources on Somnath

TWENTY-FIVE--
the accession of Kashmir, 1948
the Line of Control
Shaikh Abdullah of Kashmir (d.1982)
the massacre in Chitisinghpura, March 2000
Nehru's views on Kashmir

TWENTY-SIX--
the newness, or oldness, of Santoshi Ma
depictions of deities in "mythologicals"
Santoshi Ma and women's life cycles 
changes in Aurangabad over 25 years
Sanjay Subramanyam on "golden ages"

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