index_1100


	==Miniature paintings emerge as an artistic genre (c.1000–1250): Early paintings are usually religious. "Workshops specializing in Buddhist and Jain texts are active in Gujarat, Bengal, and Nepal, while Rajasthani centers produce Hindu examples. They are noted for a linear, flat style and a limited palette" (--Met). Examples from the 1000's: Met. For comparison: religious art in Europe at the time, the the Aberdeen Bestiary.
	==Angkor Wat (c.1113-50): The influence of the great Indian epics spreads into Southeast Asia. Angkor Wat, in Cambodia, built by Suryavarman II, contains many motifs from India, including this depiction of the Mahabharata war. This huge and complex monument is dedicated to Vishnu. Then as local religious politics evolve, Jayavarman VII builds Angkor Thom and the Bayon temple (1181-c.1243), which are dedicated to all divinities under the direction of the Buddha (flickr
	==Ramanuja (c.1100-1200): "Ramanuja, the poet and philosopher and patriarch of the Shrivaishnava tradition, propounds the philosophy of vishishtadvaita, or qualified monism, and describes the theology of bhakti (devotion). He is credited with travels to the north of India and the introduction there of Shrivaishnavism" (--Met). His commentary on the Vedanta Sutra: George Thibault.
	==Jayadeva's "Gita Govinda" (c.1100-1200): At the court of King Lakshmana Sena in Bengal, Jayadeva composes his Sanskrit poem about the love of Krishna for the gopis, and supremely for Radha alone among them. "This erotic text is read and performed by Vaishnavas as an allegory for the longing of human souls for the divine, and lays the foundation for representations of Radha and Krishna in painting from the sixteenth century onward" (--Met). A multimedia presentation on the text: IGNCA.
	==the Jagannath Temple in Puri, Orissa, is built (1100's), with its famous special forms of Krishna (Jagannath, "Lord of the World"), Balbhadra, and Subhadra-- and its famous chariot festival, from which we get the English word "juggernaut." The temple's official website: jagannath. [Routes]
	==the Lingayats (Virashaivas) appear: The Lingayats of Karnataka (c.1100 onwards) are radically independent and populist in their theology; for them, god is to be found only outside formal religious hierarchies. Members of the group wear a Shiva-linga on their person at all times, whence their name. Discussion: St. Martin's College.
	==Muhammad Ghuri's military successes: In 1186, Muhammad Ghuri of Ghur (wikipedia; 1911 encyclopedia), west of Ghazni, takes Lahore from the Ghaznavids, thus finishing off their dynasty; he commemorates his victory by building the "Minar-e Jam" (wikipedia; N. H. Dupree; Dr. V. Thewalt), which soon help to inspire the Qutb Minar. Then in two battles at Tarain he first loses to (1191), then defeats (1192), the Rajput leader Prithviraj Chauhan. He moves on to defeat the Raja of Kannauj and take Banaras (1194). Discussion: Ikram Ch. 3.
	==Qutb ud-Din Aibak occupies Delhi (1192-93): By Muhammad Ghuri's order, his military slave-general Qutb ud-Din Aibak occupies the newly-conquered Delhi and governs it as a part of the Ghurid kingdom. Qutb ud-Din inherits the fort recently renamed by Prithviraj Chauhan the "Qila Rai Pithaura" (the former Lal Kot); he considers some building projects of his own.
	==Hazrat Mu'in ud-Din Chishti arrives (c.1190), spends time in Lahore and Multan, and finally settles down in Ajmer (Prithviraj's former capital); he dies there in 1236. Popular with the common people of all religions, he is called "Gharib-Navaz" (Protector of the Poor), and his dargah in Ajmer draws many visitors of all religions. The Chishtis are the most widespread Sufi order in South Asia, and the only order to have all their major dargahs (tombs of pirs) located in South Asia. Discussion: Ali Asani; Jim Lochtefeld. [Routes]
	==Adhai Din ka Jhompra, Ajmer, c.1199-1200: In Prithviraj's former capital, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, on behalf of Mu'izz ud-Din Muhammad Ghuri, converts parts of an existing Jain temple into a mosque which he calls the "Hut of Two and a Half Days." [Routes]


	==Miniature paintings emerge as an artistic genre (c.1000–1250): Early paintings are usually religious. "Workshops specializing in Buddhist and Jain texts are active in Gujarat, Bengal, and Nepal, while Rajasthani centers produce Hindu examples. They are noted for a linear, flat style and a limited palette" (--Met). Examples from the 1000's: Met. For comparison: religious art in Europe at the time, the the Aberdeen Bestiary.
	==Angkor Wat (c.1113-50): The influence of the great Indian epics spreads into Southeast Asia. Angkor Wat, in Cambodia, built by Suryavarman II, contains many motifs from India, including this depiction of the Mahabharata war. This huge and complex monument is dedicated to Vishnu. Then as local religious politics evolve, Jayavarman VII builds Angkor Thom and the Bayon temple (1181-c.1243), which are dedicated to all divinities under the direction of the Buddha (flickr
	==Ramanuja (c.1100-1200): "Ramanuja, the poet and philosopher and patriarch of the Shrivaishnava tradition, propounds the philosophy of vishishtadvaita, or qualified monism, and describes the theology of bhakti (devotion). He is credited with travels to the north of India and the introduction there of Shrivaishnavism" (--Met). His commentary on the Vedanta Sutra: George Thibault.
	==Jayadeva's "Gita Govinda" (c.1100-1200): At the court of King Lakshmana Sena in Bengal, Jayadeva composes his Sanskrit poem about the love of Krishna for the gopis, and supremely for Radha alone among them. "This erotic text is read and performed by Vaishnavas as an allegory for the longing of human souls for the divine, and lays the foundation for representations of Radha and Krishna in painting from the sixteenth century onward" (--Met). A multimedia presentation on the text: IGNCA.
	==the Jagannath Temple in Puri, Orissa, is built (1100's), with its famous special forms of Krishna (Jagannath, "Lord of the World"), Balbhadra, and Subhadra-- and its famous chariot festival, from which we get the English word "juggernaut." The temple's official website: jagannath. [Routes]
	==the Lingayats (Virashaivas) appear: The Lingayats of Karnataka (c.1100 onwards) are radically independent and populist in their theology; for them, god is to be found only outside formal religious hierarchies. Members of the group wear a Shiva-linga on their person at all times, whence their name. Discussion: St. Martin's College.
	==Muhammad Ghuri's military successes: In 1186, Muhammad Ghuri of Ghur (wikipedia; 1911 encyclopedia), west of Ghazni, takes Lahore from the Ghaznavids, thus finishing off their dynasty; he commemorates his victory by building the "Minar-e Jam" (wikipedia; N. H. Dupree; Dr. V. Thewalt), which soon help to inspire the Qutb Minar. Then in two battles at Tarain he first loses to (1191), then defeats (1192), the Rajput leader Prithviraj Chauhan. He moves on to defeat the Raja of Kannauj and take Banaras (1194). Discussion: Ikram Ch. 3.
	==Qutb ud-Din Aibak occupies Delhi (1192-93): By Muhammad Ghuri's order, his military slave-general Qutb ud-Din Aibak occupies the newly-conquered Delhi and governs it as a part of the Ghurid kingdom. Qutb ud-Din inherits the fort recently renamed by Prithviraj Chauhan the "Qila Rai Pithaura" (the former Lal Kot); he considers some building projects of his own.
	==Hazrat Mu'in ud-Din Chishti arrives (c.1190), spends time in Lahore and Multan, and finally settles down in Ajmer (Prithviraj's former capital); he dies there in 1236. Popular with the common people of all religions, he is called "Gharib-Navaz" (Protector of the Poor), and his dargah in Ajmer draws many visitors of all religions. The Chishtis are the most widespread Sufi order in South Asia, and the only order to have all their major dargahs (tombs of pirs) located in South Asia. Discussion: Ali Asani; Jim Lochtefeld. [Routes]
	==Adhai Din ka Jhompra, Ajmer, c.1199-1200: In Prithviraj's former capital, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, on behalf of Mu'izz ud-Din Muhammad Ghuri, converts parts of an existing Jain temple into a mosque which he calls the "Hut of Two and a Half Days." [Routes]