See the script bar at the bottom of the page for viewing choices. I have corrected obvious calligraphic errors, and have adjusted the punctuation for clarity.The original long paragraphs have been numbered (#1# and so on) and then broken into shorter ones. Sectional numbers have been inserted. Qamar Ra'is, ed., pp. 239-240.

[(4) How the modern author writes]

vuh afsaanah likhtaa hai magar vaaqi((yat ke saath vuh mujassamah banaataa hai -- magar is :tara;h kih us me;N ;harkat bhii ho aur quvvat-e i:zhaar bhii ho , vuh fi:trat-e insaanii kaa baariik na:zaro;N se mushaahidah kartaa hai _ vuh nafsiyaat kaa mu:taali((ah kartaa hai aur koshish kartaa hai kih [240] us ke kerek;Tar har ;haalat me;N , har mauqa(( par , is :tara;h bartaa))o kare;N kih jaise gosht-post ke insaan karte hai;N _ vuh apnii :taba((ii hamdardii aur apnii ;husn-pasandii se zindagii ke un nikaat par jaa pahu;Nchtaa hai jahaa;N insaan apnii insaaniyat se ma((;zuur ho jaataa hai _ aur vaaqi((ah-nigaarii kaa ruj;haan yahaa;N tak ruu bah taraqqii hai kih aaj kaa afsaanah mumkin ;had tak mushaahadah se baahar nahii;N jaataa _

ham ma;ha.z is ;xayaal se taskiin nahii;N paate kih nafsiyaatii i((tibaar se yih sab hii kerek;Tar insaano;N se milte julte hai;N _ balkih ham yih i:tmiinaan chaahte hai;N kih vuh vaaq((ii insaan hai;N aur mu.sannif ne ;huttii al-imkaan un kii savaani;h-((umrii likhii hai _ kyuu;N-kih ta;xaayul ke insaan me;N hamaaraa ((aqiidah nahii;N hai , ham us ke fa((lo;N aur ;xayaalo;N se mutaa;sir nahii;N hote _ hame;N yih ta;hqiiq ho jaanaa chaahi))e kih mu.sannif ne jo ta;xliiq kii hai vuh mushaahadaat kii binaa par yaa vuh ;xvud apnii kerek;Taro;N kii zabaan bol rahaa hai _

isii li))e adab ko ba((.z naqqaado;N ne mu.sannif kii nafsiyaatii savaani;h-((umrii kahaa hai _ ek hii vaaqi((ah yaa kaifiyat se sabhii insaan yaksaa;N :taur par mutaa;sir nahii;N hote _ har sha;x.s kii ;zahniyat aur zaaviyah-e na:zar alag hai _ mu.sannif kaa kamaal isii me;N hai kih vuh jis ;zahniyat yaa zaaviyah se kisii amr ko dekhe , us me;N us kaa pa;Rhne-vaalaa bhii us kaa ham-;xayaal ho jaa))e _ yihii us kii kaamyaabii hai _ isii ke saath ham adiib se yih tavaqquh bhii rakhte hai;N kih vuh apnii bedaar-ma;Gazii , apnii vus((at-e ;xayaal se hame;N bedaar kare , ham me;N vus((at paidaa kare _ us kii nigaah itnii baariik , itnii gahrii , aur itnii vasii(( ho kih hame;N us ke kalaam se ruu;haanii suruur aur taqviyat ;haa.sil ho _

[(4) How the modern author writes]

He writes a story, but he fleshes it out with reality -- but in such a way that there would be movement and power of expression as well; he views human nature with a subtle scrutiny. He examines psychology, and tries to make his 'characters' such that in every situation, on every occasion, he would make their behavior like that of flesh-and-blood people. Through his innate sympathy and his love of beauty, he arrives at those aspects of life where a human could not be expected to go. And the movement of realism has made enough progress so that today's story does not go outside the limit of possible observations.

We are do not rest content simply with the thought that from a psychological perspective all these 'characters' resemble human beings. Rather, we want the assurance that they are real people, and the writer has, to the extent possible, written their biography. Because we don't believe in imaginary people, we are not influenced by their actions and thoughts. We ought to investigate whether the writer, in making his creation, is speaking on the basis of observation, or is himself speaking through the tongues of his characters.

For this reason some critics have called literature the psychological biography of the writer. By the same single event or emotional state, not all people are influenced in the same way. Every person's attitude and point of view is separate. The writer's accomplishment is in this: that from whatever attitude or viewpoint he would see some action, his reader too would come to share his view. This is his success. Along with this, we also hope/expect that the author will, through his awakened intelligence, his breadth of thought, awaken us and create breadth in us -- that his gaze would be so subtle, so deep, and so broad that through his writing we would obtain spiritual joy and strength/confidence.

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