ELEVEN
== NOTES TO EXERCISES
GHAZAL
ONE by Vali Dakhani, p. 92:
METER: #26, -
= = = / - = = = / - = = = / - = = =
In this ghazal word-grafting occurs
at the start of the radīf [radiif] every time
it appears: for example, āb āhistah is scanned
as though it were ābāhistah [aa-baa-his-tah].
See Section 3.1. Technical terms
like radīf are explained in the Ghalib
index of terms, and by Barker
in volume 1, in "Appendix I: Urdu Poetics," pp. xxiii-lxiv. Barker
also discusses Urdu meter in some detail, in a relatively traditional
manner. This ghazal contains a number of Dakhani forms like mujh
[mujh] for mere [mere], kūñ
[kuu;N] for ko [ko], sūñ
[suu;N] for se [se], maneñ
[mane;N] for meñ [me;N]. Their frequency decreases
in later ghazals.
VERSE 1: mujh
[mujh] is scanned (=), since the do-chashmī he
of aspiration does not count as a letter. See Section
l.l.
VERSE 2: ātish-e
ġham is an iẓāfat [i.zaafat] construction,
and is scanned [aa-ti-she-;Gam], (= - x =). See Section
3.2.
VERSE 3: ʿajab
[((ajab] and lut̤f [lu:tf] are both three-consonant
Arabic words; in this case the first is scanned (- =) and the second,
more typically, (= -). See Section
1.4. Word-grafting: ḳhit̤āb āhistah is
treated as ḳhiṭābāhistah [xi-:taa-baa-his-tah].
VERSE 4: adā o
nāz [a-daa o naa-z] involves a construction with o
; see Section 3.3. jyūñ
[jyuu;N] is scanned (=); see Section
2.1.
VERSE 5: añkhyāñ
[a;Nkh-yaa;N] is archaic; it is scanned (= =). ḳhvāb
[;xvaa-b], scanned (= -), is an irregularly spelled Persian word;
see Section 4.2.
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GHAZAL
TWO by Mir Dard, p. 122:
METER: #11, = - = = / =
- = = / = - =
VERSE 1: liʾe
[li-))e] is scanned (- x), for ʾ counts as
a full consonant; see Section 1.1.
VERSE 2: koʾī
[ko-))ii] is a uniquely flexible word, scanned (x x); see Section
2.2.
VERSE 4: ūdhar
[uu-dhar], scanned (= =), is spelled in a manner now archaic to signal
the intended scansion. Note the contrast with the normal spelling,
and scansion, of idhar [i-dhar] (- =). Word-grafting:
kām in is treated as kāmin
[kaa-min].
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GHAZAL
THREE by Mir, pp. 127-128:
METER: #25,
= - - = / - = - = // = - - = / - = - = Has caesura.
VERSE 1: der der
[de-r de-r], is scanned (= - = -), so it would seem not to fit the
meter. But in meters with a caesura, like this one, an extra unscanned
short syllable may occur just before the caesura; see the discussion
in Section 6.1. The final r
in the second der thus need not count in the
scansion.
VERSE 2: Since the verse contains
several special features like [i.zaafat] and word-grafting, here is
its breakdown into syllables and feet: [buu-e gu-lau/-r ran-ge gul//
do-no;N hai;N dil/-ka-shai na-sii-(m)] [le-k ba-qad/-re yak ni-gaa(-h)//
de-khi-ye to/ va-faa na-hii;N]. Note that an extra unscanned syllable
can be present before the caesura, like the (-h) at the end of nigāh
, and/or at the end of the line, as in the case of the (-m) at the
end of nasīm . See Section
6.1.
VERSE 3: ḳhvāstah
[;xvaa-s-tah] is an irregularly spelled Persian word, scanned (= -
x). See Section 4.2.
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GHAZAL
FOUR by Mir, pp. 128-129:
METER: #14 =*
- = = / - = - = / = = *This
syllable, while normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a
short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 2: ik
[ik] by its spelling signals a scansion of (=); see Section
2.4.
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: bār
bār us is treated as bārbārus [baa-r
baa-rus]; ḥālat ab is treated as ḥālatab
[;haa-la-tab].
VERSE 4: āvāz
[aa-vaa-(z)] contains the extra short "cheat syllable" permitted at
the end of the line in almost all meters. The second line begins with
the less common but permissible short syllable, rather than the official
long syllable shown in the pattern.
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GHAZAL
5 by Mir, p. 130:
METER: "Hindi"
meter; see Section 6.2.
In order to help you get used to this meter, here is a breakdown into
syllables. Long syllables are shown in bold:
((ish-q ha-maa-re
;xi-yaa-l pa-;raa hai // ;xvaa-b
ga-))ii aa-raa-m ga-yaa
jii kaa jaa naa ;The-r ga-yaa hai
// .sub-;h ga-yaa yaa shaa-m ga-yaa
((ish-q ki-yaa
so dii-n ga-yaa ii- / maa-n
ga-yaa is-laa-m ga-yaa
dil ne ai-saa kaa-m ki-yaa
kuchh // jis se mai;N naa-kaa-m
ga-yaa
haa-))e ja-vaa-nii
kyaa kyaa kah-ye // sho-r
sa-ro;N me;N rakh-te the
ab kyaa hai vuh ((ah-d ga-yaa vuh
/ mau-sam vuh han-gaa-m
ga-yaa
Note that in the first line of the
second verse, and the second line of the third verse, word overlaps
prevent the lines from having a true caesura break after the eighth
syllable.
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GHAZAL
6 by Mus'hafi, p. 178:
METER: #26, -
= = = / - = = = / - = = = / - = = =
VERSE 1: aur
[aur] is here scanned as (=) rather than (= -) as it normally would
be; it is scanned again this way in Verse 4. This is one of its possibilities;
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: ḳhirām
us is treated as ḳhirāmus [;xi-raa-mus].
VERSE 4: divānī
[di-vaa-nii] has replaced the normal spelling dīvānī
[dii-vaa-nii], in order to permit and suggest a scansion of (- = x).
This is now archaic. See Section
2.4.
VERSE 5: tirī
[ti-rii] has replaced the normal spelling terī
[te-rii], in order to change the scansion to (- x). See Section
2.4.
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GHAZAL
7 by Jur'at, p.191:
METER: #10 = -
= = / = - = = / = - = = / = - =
VERSE 2: kyā
[kyaa] is almost always (=); see
Section 2.1. For phañstā [pha;Ns-taa]
see Section 1.2.
VERSE 3: For rang
[ran-g] see Section 1.2. The word
aur [aur], normally (= -), is here scanned (=);
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 4: jurʾāt
[jur-))at] is scanned (= =); see Section
4.4.
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GHAZAL
8 by Jur'at, pp. 193-194:
METER: "Hindi"
meter; see Section 6.2.
VERSE 2: pyār
[pyaa-r] is an irregularly spelled Indic word, scanned (= -); see
Section 4.3.
VERSE 3: ḳhvushāmad
is really [;xu-shaa-mad]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 4: jahaaN likhaa ho [ja-haaN
li-khaa ho] contains an example of the rare scansion pattern (- =
-), in [ja-haaN li-], rather than (= - -) as is the norm in this meter.
See Section 6.2.
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GHAZAL
9 by Atish, p. 218:
METER: #18,
=* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / = =
#19, =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / - - = These two
closely related meters are often used together. *This syllable, while
normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at the poet's
pleasure.
VERSE 3: The first line of this
verse is the only one in this excerpt that is composed in meter #18
rather than its more common companion #19. Word-grafting: bar
andāz is treated as barandāz [ba-ran-daa-z].
VERSE 4: Both lines of this verse
begin with a short syllable, rather than the more common long syllable
shown in the official pattern. Word-grafting: qarār
ai is treated as qarārai [qa-raa-rai].
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GHAZAL
10 by Atish, p. 218:
METER: #34 - = - = / - -
= = / - = - = / = =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: ham
aur is treated as hamaur [ha-mau-r].
VERSE 2: The writing of mahah
[mahh], "moon," with two h's in sequence is merely an orthographic
convention, like that used with kahah , the
root of kahnā , to distinguish it from kih
[kih]. It does not affect the scansion, which remains [ma-ho mah-r].
VERSE 4: t̤āliʿī
is scanned [:taa-li-((ii]. Remember that ʿ
is a full, regular consonant in metrical terms; see Section
1.3.
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GHAZAL
11 by Zauq, p. 297:
METER: #27 - = = = / - =
= = / - = =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: khoj
apnā is treated as khojapnā [kho-jap-naa].
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: naz̤īr
us is treated as nażīrus [na-:zii-rus].
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GHAZAL
12 by Zauq, pp. 298-299:
METER: #5 = = - / = - =
- / - = = - / = - =
VERSE 1: ḳhvushī
is really [;xu-shii]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 3: bavaqt-e
marg is [ba-vaq-te mar-g]. It could also be written bah
vaqt-e marg , of which it's just a shortened form.
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GHAZAL
13 by Momin, p. 307:
METER: #14 =*
- = = / - = - = / = =
#15 =* - = = / - = - = / - - =
These two closely
related meters are often used together. *This syllable, while normally
long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: aṡar
us is treated as a:sarus [a-;sa-rus]; this
verse begins with the variant short-syllable opening.
VERSE 2: The first line is in meter
#15. hūʾe is really [hu-))e], (- x); see Section
4.3.
VERSE 3: The first line is in meter
#15.
VERSE 4: koʾī
is to be considered (x x). See Section
2.2.
VERSE 5: Word-grafting: muẓt̤ar
ai is treated as muẓt̤arai [mu.z-:ta-rai];
ṣanam āḳhir is treated as ṣanamāḳhir
[.sa-na-maa-;xir]. The second line begins with the variant short-syllable
opening.
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GHAZAL
14 by Momin, p. 312:
METER: #38 - - = - = / -
- = - = / - - = - = / - - = - =
VERSE 1: Note the scansion of tumheñ
[tu-mhe;N], which is (- x) in accordance with its pronunciation, though
it is more often spelled with h than with [do-chashmii
he]. See Section 4.3. Both kih
[kih] and nah [nah] are virtually always short;
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: har
ek is treated as harek [ha-re-k].
VERSE 3: hūʾe
[hu-))e] is an irregularly spelled Indic word, scanned (- x); see
Section 4.3. Note that the doubled
letter created by the tashdīd [tashdiid] on
the t in ittifāq counts
as fully as any other letter in the scansion: [it-ti-faa-q].
VERSE 4: The protean word koʾī
is always to be scanned (x x). Note that tumhāre
is scanned [tu-mhaa-re], (- = x); see Section
4.3.
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GHAZAL
15 by Ghalib, p. 319:
METER: #18 =* - = = / -
- = = / - - = = / = =
*This syllable, while normally long, may occasionally be replaced
with a short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 2: Note the way the vowel-
ī turns into a consonant before an [i.zaafat]:
dīvānagī-e shauq becomes [dii-vaa-na-gi-ye
shau-q], (= = - - = = -); see Section
3.2. In this case the [i.zaafat] syllable has to be long, to avoid
having the forbidden three shorts in a row. Also note the double word-grafting:
udhar aur āp is treated as udharaurāp
[u-dha-rau-raa-p].
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GHAZAL
16 by Ghalib, pp. 319-320:
METER: #37 - - = - / = -
= = // - - = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: agar
aur is treated as agaraur [a-ga-rau-r].
VERSE 2: ḳhvushī
is really [;xu-shii]; see Section
4.2. Word-grafting: agar ětibār is treated
as agariʿtibār [a-ga-ri((-t-baa-r].
VERSE 3: koʾī
[ko-))ii] is, as ever, (x x).
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: ġham
agarchih is treated as ġhamarchih [;Ga-ma-gar-chih].
VERSE 5: masāʾil-e
taṣavvuf is [ma-saa-))i-le ta-.sav-vuf].
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GHAZAL
17 by Ghalib, p. 321:
METER: #19 =* - = = / -
- = = / - - = = / - - =
#18 =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / = =
These two closely related meters are often used together. *This syllable,
while normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at
the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 1: vajah-e
tasallī is [vaj-he-ta-sal-lii].
VERSE 2: The first line is in #18.
VERSE 4: The first line is in #18.
VERSE 5: The first line is in #18.
ṣadmah-e yak-junbish-e lab is [.sad-ma-he yak-jun-bi-she
lab].
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GHAZAL
18 by Ghalib, pp. 321-322:
METER: #10 = - = = / = -
= = / = - = = / = - =
VERSE 1: lālah
o is [laa-la-ho]; see Section 3.3.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: bazm-arāʾiyāñ
is treated as bazmārāʾiyāñ [baz-maa-raa-))i-yaa;N].
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: dimāġh
us is treated as dimāġhus [di-maa-;Gus].
VERSE 4: muvaḥḥid
is scanned [mu-va;h-;hid]. Note the presence of the extra unscanned
"cheat syllable"--the m of rusūm
[ru-suu-m]-- at the end of the first line.
VERSE 5: yūñhī
is scanned as [yuu;N hii], (x x).
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GHAZAL
19 by Ghalib, pp. 324-325:
METER: #5 = = - / = - =
- / - = = - / = - =
VERSE 1: The spelling ḳhāmushī
, rather than the usual ḳhāmoshī , points
to the scansion [;xaa-mu-shii]; see Section
2.4. ḳhvush is really [;xush]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 2: āʾinah
, a remarkably flexible word, is here scanned (= x x), and spelled
accordingly; see Section 2.2.
ʿużr-ḳhvāh is scanned [((u;z-r-;xvaa-h];
see Section 4.2.
VERSE 3: naḳhvāstah
is scanned [na-;xvaa-s-tah]; see Section
4.2.
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GHAZAL
20 by Ghalib, p. 331:
METER: #8 = = - / - = =
- / - = = - / - = =
This ghazal should be considered
to have the optional "cheat syllable" at the end of every verse, in
the form of the r in aur
[au-r].
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: har
ik [har ik] is treated as harik [ha-rik];
note that the spelling of ik [ik] points to
its scansion as (=) rather than (= -).
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: dil
un is treated as dilun [di-lun].
VERSE 3: hūʾe
is really [hu-))e]. shikanī is [shi-ka-nii].
VERSE 5: Word-grafting: bahut
achchhe is treated as bahutachchhe [ba-hu-tach-chhe].
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GHAZAL
21 by Dagh, p. 367:
METER: #4 = = - / = - =
= // = = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
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GHAZAL
22 by Dagh, pp. 371-372:
METER: #37 - - = - / = -
= = // - - = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: ʿajab
apnā is treated as ʿajabapnā [((a-ja-bap-naa].
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: phir
āshkār is treated as phirāshkār [phi-raa-sh-kaa-r].
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: barābar
āg is treated as barābarāg [ba-raa-ba-raa-g].
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: agar
apnī is treated as agarapnī [a-ga-rap-nii].
VERSE 5: tumheñ
is [tu-mhe;N], (- x).
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GHAZAL
23 by Akbar Ilahabadi, pp. 396-397:
METER: #27 - = = = / - =
= = / - = =
Strictly speaking, this is not a
ghazal but a qit̤ʿah [qi:t((ah]. See Barker
vol. I, pp. xxvi-xxvii. Note that yās [yaa-s],
pās [paa-s], and all the other rhyming words
end in the short "cheat syllable" permitted at the end of a line.
VERSE 1: ḳhvush
is really [;xush]; see Section 4.2.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: em
ai , "M.A.," is treated as emai [e-me].
VERSE 3: For fauraṅ
[fau-ran] see the [tanviin] part of Section
4.4. byaah [byaa-h] is an irregular Indic word, scanned (= -);
see Section 4.3.
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: dil
apnā is treated as dilapnā [di-lap-naa].
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GHAZAL
24 by Iqbal, p. 425:
METER: #38 - - = - = / -
- = - = / - - = - = / - - = - =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: naz̤ar
ā is treated as naz̤arā [na-:za-raa].
VERSE 2: āʾīnah
is scanned (= x x); see Section
2.2.
VERSE 3: In the word ʿafv
[((af-v], the v is a consonant, and so receives a normal consonant
[i.zaafat], becoming [((af-ve].
VERSE 5: hūʾā
is really [hu-))aa].
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