12 == GLOSSARY
This glossary contains exceptional
words of all kinds that you may find it useful to know about. It includes
only selected examples of the more "regularly" irregular words of
Persian origin described in Section
4.2, and of the extremely irregular Arabic words described in
Section 4.4. It does include a
large number of Indic conjunct words (described in
Section 4.3), and many miscellaneous irregularly scanned words.
It also includes as many words of flexible syllable division and spelling
(Section 2.3 and Section
2.4) as possible, together with the basic flexible monosyllables
(Section 2.2). It's good for
browsing as well as reference. It will be useful to anyone trying
to write poetry, and also to anyone reading poetry texts in which
many editorial or calligraphic errors occur--because such errors often
involve incorrect substitutions among the variant choices for words
like those in this glossary.
The glossary is in Urdu alphabetical
order. Where two or more scansions and/or spellings are possible for
a word, we've tried to enter the most commonly used forms first.
[aa-p hii] (= - x), (= x), "one's own self"
{ āp hī }
[aa-phii] (= x) { āphī }
[aa-pii] (= x) { āpī }
[u-;Thaa] (- x), perf. of [u;Thnaa] {
uṭhā }
[u;T-;Thaa] (= x) { uṭṭhā
}
[aa-;xir] (= =), "finally" {
āḳhir }
[aa-;xii-r] (= = -) { āḳhīr
}
[a-;xii-r] (- = -) { aḳhīr
}
[i-dhar], [u-dhar] (- =), "here," "there"
{ idhar }
[ii-dhar, uu-dhar] (= =) { īdhar
}
[az] (=), "from, by, with" (Pers.)
{ az }
[zi] (-) { z }
[a-shar-fii] (- = x), name of a gold coin {
asharfī }
[ash-ra-fii] (= - x) { ashrafī
}
[aa-sh-kaa-r] (= - = -), "apparent" {
āshkār }
[aa-sh-kaa-raa] (= - = x) { āshkārā
}
[aa-shi-yaa-nah] (= - = x), "nest" {
āshiyānah }
[aa-shi-yaa;N] (= - =) { āshiyāñ
}
[aa-gaa-h] (= = -), "aware" {
āgāh }
[aa-gah] (= x) { āgah }
[al-laa-h] (= =), (= = -), "God"
{ allāh }
[um-mii-d] (= = -), "hope"
{ ummīd }
[u-mii-d] (- = -) { umīd }
[an-jhuu] (= x), (- x), archaic for "tears"
{ anjhū }
[in-shaa)) al-laah] (= = = =), (= = = = -), "God
willing" { inshāʾ allāh
}
[au-r] (= -), (=), with word-grafting (- -), "and" {
aur }
[aa-))ii-nah] (= x x), "mirror" {
āʾīnah }
[aa-))i-nah] (= - x) { āʾinah }
[e-k] (= -), "one" { ek
}
[ik] (=) { ik }
[yak] (=) { yak }
[bil aa-;xir] (= = =), "finally" {
bālāḳhir }
[bil far-.z] (= = -), "suppositionally" {
bālfarẓ }
[bil kul] (= =), "entirely" {
bālkul }
[bah an-daa-zah] (- = = x), "according" {
bah andāzah }
[ba-an-daa-zah] (- = = x) { bāndāzah
}
[bach-chah] (= x), "child" {
bachchah }
[ba-chah] (- x) { bachah }
[bar-ha-man] (= - =), "Brahman"
{ barhaman }
[ba-rah-man] (- = =) { barahman
}
[ba-rah-nah] (- = x), "naked" {
barahnah }
[bar-ha-nah] (= - x) { barhanah
}
[ba((-.z] (= -), "a number of" {
baʿẓ }
[ba((-.ze] (= x) { baʿẓe }
[bul ha-vas] (= - =), "sensualist" {
bū al-havas }
[buu-s-taa-n] (= - = -), "garden" {
būstān }
[bus-taa-n] (= = -) { bustān
}
[bah] (-), "with" (Pers.) {
bah }
[ba-hut] (- =), "much, many" {
bahut }
[bah-ut] (= -), archaic { bahut
}
[bhii] (x), "too" { bhī
}
[bhii-tar] (= =), "inside" {
bhītar }
[bhi-tar] (- =) { bhitar }
[byaa-h] (= -); (- = -), "wedding" {
byāh }
[ba-yak] (- =), [bah] + [yak] { bayak
}
[byo-paa-r] (= = -), "business" {
byopār }
[paa-))o;N] (= x), "foot" {
pāʾoñ }
[paa;N-v] (= x) { pāñv }
[pach-chii-s] (= = -), "twenty-five" {
pachchīs }
[pa-chii-s] (- = -) { pachīs
}
[par-vaa] (= =), "care" {
parvā }
[par-vaa-h] (= = -) { parvāh
}
[prii-t] (= -), "love" {
prīt }
[pa-re-t] (- = -), "ghost" {
pret }
[pre-m] (= -), "love" { prem
}
[pa-kaa] (- x), "cooked, ripened" {
pakā }
[pak-kaa] (= x) { pakkā }
[pa-naa-h] (- = -), "refuge" {
panāh }
[pa-nah] (- =) { panah }
[pah] (x), "on" { pah
}
[pa-hu;Nch-naa] (- = x), "to arrive" {
pahuñchnā }
[po;N-ch-naa] (= - x), archaic { poñchnā
}
[p'hu;N-chaa] (= x), "arrived" { pahuñchā }
[phu-vaa-r] (- = -), "drizzle" {
phuvār }
[phu-haa-r] (- = -) { phūhār
}
[phvaa-r] (= -) { phvār }
[pyaa-r] (= -), (- = -), "love" {
pyār }
[p-yaa-lah] (- = x), (= x), "cup" {
pyālah }
[pai-raa-han] (= = =), "robe" {
pairāhan }
[pai-ra-han] (= - =) { pairahan
}
[pa-yaa-m] (- = -), "message" {
payām }
[pai-;Gaa-m] (= = -) { paiġhām
}
[pa-yam-bar] (- = =), "Prophet" {
payambar }
[pai-;Gam-bar] (= = =) { paiġhambar
}
[pe-sh-vaa-z] (= - = -), "gown" {
peshvāz }
[pish-vaa-z] (= = -) { pishvāz
}
[taa] (=), "up to, until" {
tā }
[ta-))a;s-;sur] (- = =), "effect"
{ tāʾ'ṡṡur }
[ta-))as-suf] (- = =), "grief" {
tāʾ'ssuf }
[ta-))am-mul] (- = =), "hesitation" {
tāʾ'mmul }
[ta-;xay-yul] (- = =), "imagination" {
taḳhayyul }
[ta;x-))ii-l] (= = -) { taḳhʾīl
}
[ta((-))ii-n] (= = -), "appointing"
{ taʿʾīn }
[ta-((ay-yun] (- = =) { taʿayyun
}
[tak] (=), "until" tak
[ta-lak] (- =) talak
[tu-mhaa-raa] (- = x), same for fem. and plur., "your"
{ tumhārā }
[ta-nuu-r] (- = -), "oven" {
tanūr }
[tan-nuu-r] (= = -) { tannūr
}
[tan-duu-r] (= = -) { tandūr
}
[to] (x), "then" { to
}
[tuu] (x), "you" { tū
}
[thaa] (x), same for fem. and plur., "was"
{ thā }
[tahh] (=), "under" { tahah
}
[ta-))ii;N] (- =), (=), (= =), "oneself" { taʾīñ }
[te-raa] (= x), same for fem. and plur., "your"
{ terā }
[ti-raa] (- x), same for fem. and plur. { tirā
}
[tev-rii] (= x), "brow" {
tevrī }
[tyuu;N] (=), "in that way" {
tyūñ }
[jib-ra-))ii-l] (= - = -), "Gabriel" {
jibraʾīl }
[jib-rii-l] (= = -) { jibrīl
}
[jib-hah] (= x), "forehead" {
jibahah }
[ji-dhar] (- =), "the place where" {
jidhar }
[jii-dhar] (= =) { jīdhar }
[jur-))at] (= =), "courage" {
jurʾāt }
[jur-aat] (= =) { jurāt }
[juz-v] (= -), "part" { juzv
}
[juz] (=) { juz }
[ja-gah] (- x), usually (- =), "place" {
jagah }
[jaa-gah] (= x), usually (= =) { jāgah
}
[jo] (x), "the one who" {
jo }
[ju-vaa] (- =), "gambling" {
juvā }
[juv-vaa] (= =), rare { juvva
}
[j-vaa-r] (- = -), "millet" {
jvār }
[jii] (x), honorific particle { jī
}
[jyuu;N] (=), "the way in which" {
jyūñ }
[cha-khaa] (- x), perf. of [chakhnaa] {
chakhā }
[chak-khaa] (= x) { chakkhā
}
[chuu-hi-yaa] (= - x), "mouse" {
chūhiyā }
[chuh-yaa] (= x) { chuhiyā
}
[chyuu;N-;Tii] (= x), var. of [chii;N;Tii], "ant"
{ chyūnṭī }
[;xaa-mo-shii] (= = x), "silence" {
ḳhāmoshī }
[;xa-mo-shii] (- = x) { ḳhamoshī
}
[;xaa-mu-shii] (= - x) { ḳhāmushī
}
[;xi.zr] (= -), "Khizr" {
ḳhiẓr }
[;xi-.zir] (- =), "Khizir" or "Khizar" {
ḳhiẓir }
[;xa:t-rah] (= x), "danger" {
ḳhat̤rah }
[;xa-:tar] (- =) { ḳhat̤ar }
[;xvaa-m-;xvaa-h] (= - = -), "willy-nilly"
{ ḳhvāmḳhvāh }
[;xvaa-hish] (= =), "longing" {
ḳhvāhish }
[;xud] (=), "self" { ḳhvud
}
[;xu-shii] (- x), "happiness" {
ḳhvushī }
[daa-man] (= =), "skirt" {
dāman }
[daa-maa-n] (= = -) { dāmān
}
[du;x-tar] (= =), "daughter" {
duḳhtar }
[du;x-t] (= -) { duḳht }
[du-kaa-n] (- = -), "shop" {
dukān }
[duu-kaa-n] (= = -) { dūkān
}
[duk-kaa-n] (= = -) { dukkān
}
[dulhan] (- =), (= =), "bride" {
dulhan }
[duulhan] (- =), (= =) { dūlhan
}
[do] (x), "two," "give" {
do }
[do-baa-rah] (x = x), "twice" {
dobārah }
[du-pa;T-;Tah] (- = x), "long scarf" {
dupaṭṭah }
[do-pa;T-;Tah] (= = x) { dopaṭṭah
}
[do-raa-haa] (x = x), "fork in the road"
{ dorāhā }
[do-zaa-nuu] (x = x), "kneeling" {
dozānū }
[do-gaa-naa] (= = x); (- = x), "double" {
dogānā }
[duu-lhaa] (= =), "bridegroom" {
dūlhā }
[duu-lah] (= x), rare { dūlah
}
[duu-))ii] (x x), "twoness" {
dūʾī }
[da-han] (- =), "mouth" {
dahan }
[da-haa-n] (- = -) { dahān
}
[da-haa-nah] (- = x) { dahānah
}
[dhyaa-n] (= -), "concentration" {
dhyān }
[dii-gar] (= =), "other" {
dīgar }
[di-gar] (- =) { digar }
[dii-vaa-nah] (= = x), "mad" {
dīvānah }
[di-vaa-nah] (- = x), archaic { divānah
}
[raa-s-tah] (= - x), "road" {
rāstah }
[ras-tah] (= x) { rastah }
[raa-h] (= -), "road" { rāh
}
[rah] (=) { rah }
[ru;x-saa-r] (= = -), "cheek" {
ruḳhsār }
[ru;x-saa-rah] (= = x) { ruḳhsārah
}
[ra-khaa] (- x), same for fem. and plur., "kept"
{ rakhā }
[rak-khaa] (= x), same for fem. and plur. { rakkhā
}
[ruu-bah] (= x), "fox" {
rūbah }
[ruu-baa-h] (= = -) { rūbāh
}
[rah-gu-z;ar] (= - =), "road" {
rahguz;ar }
[raa-h-gu-z;ar] (= - - =) { rāhguz;ar
}
[rah-gu-z;aa-r] (= - = -) { rahguzâr
}
[raa-h-gu-z;aa-r] (= - - = -) { rāhguzâr
}
[zaq-quu-m] (= = -), name of an infernal tree {
zaqqūm }
[za-quu-m] (- = -) { zaqūm
}
[za-maa-nah] (- = x), "era" {
zamānah }
[za-maa;N] (- =) { zamāñ }
[za-maa-n] (- = -) { zamān
}
[za-man] (- =) { zaman }
[zin-haa-r] (= = -), "beware" {
zinhār }
[zii-n-haa-r] (= - = -) { zīnhār
}
[saa] (x), "-ish" { sā
}
[saa-jan] (= =), "lover" {
sājan }
[sa-jan] (- =) { sajan }
[saa-))ii-s] (= = -), "groom" {
sāʾīs }
[sa-))ii-s] (- = -) { saʾīs
}
[sai-s] (= -) { sais }
[sa-rhaa-naa] (- = x), "headboard"
{ sarhānā }
[si-kan-dar] (- = =), "Alexander" {
sikandar }
[is-kan-dar] (= = =) { iskandar
}
[so] (x), "thus" { so
}
[sau] (=), "100" { sau
}
[suu] (=), "direction" {
sū }
[sa-vaa-r] (- = -), "horseman" {
savār }
[as-vaa-r] (= = -), rare { asvār
}
[svaa;N-g] (= -), "folk opera" {
svāñg }
[saa;N-g] (= -) { sāñg }
[su-var] (- =), "pig" { suvar
}
[suu-raa-j] (= = -), "Swaraj" {
sūrāj }
[sva-raa-j] (- = -) { svarāj
}
[sih] (x), "three" { sih
}
[sii] (x), "-ish" { sī
}
[se] (x), "from, with," "-ish"
{ se }
[si-yaa-h] (- = -), "black" {
siyāh }
[si-yah] (- x) { siyah }
[shaa-h] (= -), "king" {
shāh }
[shah] (=) { shah }
[shub-hah] (= -), "suspicion" {
shubahah }
[shu-tur] (- =), "camel" {
shutur }
[ush-tur] (= =) { ushtur }
[sha-raa-r] (- = -), "spark" {
sharār }
[sha-rar] (- =) { sharar }
[sha-raa-rah] (- = x) { sharārah
}
[sha-kar] (- =), "sugar" {
shakar }
[shak-kar] (= =) { shakkar }
[.saa-buu-n] (= = -), "soap" {
ṣābūn }
[.saa-bun] (= =) { ṣābun }
[.su-var] (- =), pl. of [.suurat], "face"
{ ṣuvar }
[:tar-;h] (= -), "manner" {
t̤arḥ }
[:ta-ra;h] (- =); (- x), (modern) { t̤araḥ
}
[:ta-raf] (- =), "direction" {
t̤araf }
[:tar-f] (= -) { t̤arf }
[:ta-ma((] (- =), "greed" {
t̤amaʿ }
[:tam-((a] (= -) { t̤amʿa }
[fi-ran-g] (- = -), "European" {
firang }
[af-ran-g] (= = -) { afrang
}
[fu-zuu;N] (- x), "increasing" {
fuzūñ }
[af-zuu;N] (= x) { afzūñ }
[fa-saa-nah] (- = x), "story" {
fasānah }
[af-saa-nah] (= = x) { afsānah
}
[fu-sur-dah] (- = x), "sorrowful" {
fusurdah }
[af-sur-dah] (= = x) { afsurdah
}
[fu-suu;N] (- x), "increasing" {
fusūñ }
[af-suu;N] (= x) { afsūñ }
[fu-;Gaa;N] (- x), "sighing" {
fiġhāñ }
[af-;Gaa;N] (= x) { afġhāñ
}
[fi-gaa-r] (- = -), "wounded" {
figār }
[af-gaa-r] (= = -) { afgār
}
[fu-laa;N] (- =), "such-and-such" {
fulāñ }
[fa-laa-naa] (- = x) { falānā
}
[fil-;haa-l] (= = -), "at present" {
fī al-ḥāl }
[fil-;ha-qii-qat] (= - = -), "in reality"
{ fī al-ḥaqīqat }
[qur-aan] (= = -), "Qur'an" {
qur ān }
[qu-raa-n] (- = -), rare { qurān
}
[kaa] (x), "of" { kā
}
[kaa-sah] (= x), "bowl" {
kāsah }
[kaa-s] (= -) { kās }
[krish-n] (= -), "Krishna" {
krishn }
[ki-naa-rah] (- = x), "riverbank" {
kinārah }
[ka-naa-r] (- = -) { kinār
}
[ko] (x), "to" { ko
}
[ka))ii] (- x); rare archaic variant (=) [M{1029,1}]; "anyone,
any" { kaʾī }
[ko))ii] (x x); archaic variant (=); "anyone,
any" { koʾī }
[kih] (-); archaic variant: (=); "that" {
kih }
[kah'h] (=), root of [kahnaa] { kah'h
}
[kho-))e] (= x), "lost" {
khoʾe }
[kho))e] (=), archaic { khoʾe
}
polite imperative of [kahnaa] (- - x) {
kahiye }
(= x) { kahye }
[kii] (x), "of" { kī
}
[ke] (x), "of" { ke
}
[kyaa] (=), "what" { kyā
}
[ki-yaa-rii] (- = x), "flowerbed" {
kiyārī }
[kyaa-rii] (= x) { kyārī }
[kyuu;N] (=), "why" { kyūñ
}
[gaa-h] (= -), "place" { gāh
}
[gah] (=) { gah }
[gar] (=), "if" { gar
}
[a-gar] (- =) { agar }
[gar-chah] (= x), "although" {
garchah }
[a-gar-chah] (- = x) { agarchah
}
[gur-sa-nah] (= - x), "hungry" {
gursanah }
[gu-ras-nah] (- = x) { gurasnah
}
[gar-han] (= =), "eclipse" {
garhan }
[ga-han] (- =) { gahan }
[gu-lis-taa;N (- = =), "garden" {
gulistāñ }
[gul-si-taa;N] (= - =) { gulsitāñ
}
[gu-naa-h] (- = -), "sin" {
gunāh }
[gu-nah] (- x) { gunah }
[go] (=); very rare: (-); "although" {
go }
[guu-ruu] (- =), "religious teacher" {
gūrū }
[gu-ruu] (- =) { gurū }
[gau-har] (= =), "pearl" {
gauhar }
[gu-har] (- =) { guhar }
[ga-))e] (- x), "went" {
gaʾe }
[ga))e] (=), archaic { gaʾe
}
[gyaan] (= -), "knowledge" {
gyān }
[laa-sh] (= -), "corpse" {
lāsh }
[laa-shah] (= x) { lāshah }
[li-khaa] (- x), same for fem., plur.; "wrote"
{ likhā }
[lik-khaa] (= x), same for fem., plur. { likkhā
}
[lo-haa-r] (- = -), "blacksmith" {
lohār }
[lu-haa-r] (- = -) { luhār
}
[le-kin] (= =), "but" { lekin
}
[le-k] (= -), archaic { lek
}
[maa-rg] (= -), "road" {
mārg }
[maa-shaa)) al-laah] (= = = =), (= = = = -), "as
God wills" { māshāʾ allāh
}
[ma-;aa-l] (- = -), "property" {
maâl }
[maa))-muu-n] (= = -), same as [maamuun], "safe"
{ māʾmūn }
[maa-h] (= -), "moon" { māh
}
[mah] (=) { mah }
[mi.s-ra((] (= =), "line of verse"
{ miṣraʿ }
[mi.s-ra((h] (= =) { miṣraʿh
}
[mi.s-raa-((] (= = -) { miṣrāʿ
}
[mu-vaa] (- x), "wretch" {
muvā }
[muu-))ii] (- x) { mūʾī }
[muu-))e] (- x) { mūʾe }
[mau-j] (= -), "wave" { mauj
}
[mau-jah] (= x) { maujah }
[mu-))a;x-;xar] (- = =), same as [muva;x;xar], "latter"
{ mūʾaḳhḳhar }
[mu-))ad-dab] (- = =), same as [muvaddab], "courteous"
{ mūʾaddab }
[mu-))ar-ri;x (- = =), same as [muvarri;x], "chronicler"
{ mūʾarriḳh }
[muu;Nhh] (=), same as [mu;Nh], "mouth" {
mūñhah }
[mih-maa-n] (= = -), ("guest") { mihmān }
[me-h-maa-n] (= - = -) [very rare, but see e.g. M{1004,1}] { mehmān }
[mi-yaa;N] (- x), (term of address or endearment) {
miyāñ }
[myaa;N] (=) { myāñ }
[me-raa] (= x), same for fem. and plur., "my"
{ merā }
[mi-raa] (- x), same for fem. and plur. { mirā
}
[me;N] (x), "in" { meñ
}
[mai;N] (x), "I" { maiñ
}
[mii-naa-r] (= = x) "tower" {
mīnār }
[mi-naa-r] (- = -) { minār
}
[naa-;xuu-n] (= = -), "fingernail" {
nāḳhūn }
[naa-;xun] (= =) { nāḳhun }
[naa-gaa-h] (= = -), "unaware" {
nāgāh }
[naa-gahh] (= x) { nāgahah
}
[naa-))o] (= x), "boat" {
nāʾo }
[naa-v] (= x) { nāv }
[ni-baa-h-naa] (- = - x), "to uphold" {
nibāhnā }
[ni-bhaa-naa] (- = x) { nibhānā
}
[na-dii] (- x), "river" {
nadī }
[nad-dii] (= x) { naddī }
[nash-tar] (= =), "lancet" {
nashtar }
[ne-sh-tar] (= - =) { neshtar
}
[nash-))ah] (= x), "intoxication"
{ nashʾah }
[na-shah] (- x) { nashah }
[na-:zaa-rah] (- = x), "sight" {
naz̤ārah }
[na:z-:zaa-rah] (= = x) { naz̤z̤ārah
}
[ni-gaa-h] (- = -), "glance" {
nigāh }
[ni-gah] (- x) { nigah }
[nan-haa] (= x), "tiny" {
nanhā }
[nau] (=), "nine," "new" {
nau }
[na-vaa-b] (- = -), "Navab" {
navāb }
[nav-vaa-b] (= = -) { navvāb
}
[nau-shah] (= x), "bridegroom" {
naushah }
[nau-shaa-h] (= = -) { naushāh
}
[nah] (-); (=), rare and archaic; "not" {
nah }
[nah] (-), "neither" { nah
}
[nai] (=), archaic { nai }
[ne] (x), ergative marker { ne
}
[na-yas-taa;N] (- = =), "reed-thicket" {
nayastāñ }
[nai-si-taa;N] (= - =) { naisitāñ
}
[var-nah] (= x), "otherwise" {
varnah }
[va-gar-nah] (- = x) { vagarnah
}
[vuh] (x), "he, she it" {
vuh }
[va-haa;N] (- x), "there" {
vahāñ }
[vaa;N] (=), archaic { vāñ
}
[vai] (=), rare and archaic, "they" {
vai }
[haa-))e] (= x), "alas" {
hāʾe }
[haay] (=) { hai
}
[ho] (x), subjunc. or fam. imp. of [honaa] {
ho }
[hu-))aa] (- x), "occurred" {
hūʾā }
[hu-))e] (- x) { hūʾe }
[hu-))ii] (- x) { hūʾī }
[hu-))ii;N] (- x) { hūʾīñ
}
[ho-sh-yaa-r] (= - = -), "alert" {
hoshyār }
[hush-yaa-r] (= = -) { hushyār
}
[ho;N] (x), "might be" {
hoñ }
[huu;N] (x), "am" { hūñ
}
[hii] (x), emphatic particle { hī
}
[hai] (x), "is" { hai
}
[hai;N] (x), "are" { haiñ
}
[yaa] (=); (x), archaic; "or," "oh"
{ yā }
[yuu-rish] (= =), (- =), "assault" {
yūrish }
[yih] (x), "this" { yih
}
[ya-haa;N] (- x), "here" {
yahāñ }
[yaa;N] (=), archaic { yāñ
}
[yuu;N] (x), "in such a way" {
yūñ }
[ye] (=), rare and archaic, "these" {
ye }
