HINDI and URDU Since 1800:  a Common Reader

by

Christopher Shackle
 and
Rupert Snell

Original publication: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1990.

This etext is made available through the generous permission of the authors, and with thanks to Arthur Dudney for skilful technical assistance.

*HISTORY*
*LINGUISTICS*
*TEXTS*


*Prefatory material*
SOAS South Asian Texts == Preface == Conventions == Abbreviations == Maps == Census statistics for Hindi and Urdu (1981)


PART I: THE EVOLUTION OF HINDI AND URDU

*1: The relationship between Hindi and Urdu*

== 11. The Indo-Aryan context (p. 2)
== 12. The impact of Muslim rule (p. 3)
== 13. Medieval Hindi (p. 4)
== 14. Classical Urdu (p. 5)

*2: The British Raj*

== 21. The impact of British rule (p. 6)
== 22. The heyday of Urdu (p. 8)
== 23. The rise of modern Hindi (p. 10)

*3: Before and after Independence*

== 31. The Urdu-Hindi-Hindustani debate (p. 12)
== 32. Hindi in India (p. 13)
== 33. Urdu in India and Pakistan (p. 15)

*4: The range of Hindi and Urdu*

== 41. Hindustani-Urdu-Hindi (p. 17)
== 42. The range of Urdu (p. 17)
== 43. The range of Hindi (p. 19)

*BACK TO TOP*


PART II: THE LINGUISTIC COMPONENTS OF HINDI AND URDU

*5: The basic components of Hindi and Urdu*

== 51. Phonology (p. 24)

== 511. Hindi script and transcription (p. 26)
== 512. Urdu script and transcription (p. 27)
== 513. Hindi-Urdu contrasts (p. 27)

== 52. Lexicon (p. 28)

== 521. Indo-Aryan etymologies (p. 28)
== 522. Semantic range (p. 30)
== 523. Word formation (p. 31)
== 524. Compounds (p. 32)

== 53. Morphology (p. 32)

== 531. Pronouns (p. 32)
== 532. Parts of the verb (p. 33)

== 54. Syntax (p. 33)

== 541. Pre-modifiers (p. 34)
== 542. Indigenous resources (p. 34)

*6: The Sanskrit component*

== 61. Phonology and script (p. 36)

== 611. Sandhi (p. 37)
== 612. Guna and Vrddhi (p. 38)

== 62. Lexicon (p. 39)

== 621. Prefixes (p. 39)
== 622. Suffixes (p. 41)
== 623. Vowel changes (p. 43)
== 624. Numerals (p. 43)
== 625. Compounds (p. 43)

== 63. Morphology (p. 44)

== 631. Gender (p. 45)
== 632. Adjectives (p. 45)
== 633. Pronouns (p.45)

== 64. Syntax (p. 45)

*7: The Arabic component*

== 71. Phonology (p. 47)

== 711. Script (p. 48)

== 72. Lexicon (p. 48)

== 721. Derived verbal forms (p. 50)
== 722. Other derived forms (p. 51)

== 73. Morphology (p. 52)

== 731. Gender (p. 52)
== 732. Declension (p. 52)
== 733. Duals and sound plurals (p. 53)
== 734. Broken plurals (p. 54)
== 735. Adjectives (p. 56)

== 74. Syntax (p. 57)

== 741. Possessive phrases (p. 57)
== 742. Prepositional phrases (p. 58)
== 743. Arabic sentence-structure (p. 59)

*8: The Persian component*

== 81. Phonology (p. 60)

== 811. Script (p. 61)

== 82. Lexicon (p. 62)

== 821. Prefixes (p. 62)
== 822. Suffixes (p. 63)
== 823. Verbal suffixes (p. 65)
== 824. Numerals (p. 67)
== 825. Compounds (p. 67)

== 83. Morphology (p. 68)

== 831. Nouns (p. 68)
== 832. Adjectives (p. 68)
== 833. Pronouns (p. 69)
== 834. Verbs (p. 69)

== 84. Syntax (p. 70)

== 841. Izafat phrases (p. 70)
== 842. Copular phrases (p. 70)
== 843. Prepositional phrases (p. 71)
== 844. Compound prepositions (p. 71)
== 845. Phrase-verbs (p. 72)
== 846. Sentence structure (p. 72)

*9: The English component*

== 91. Phonology (p. 73)

== 911. Script (p. 75)

== 92. Lexicon (p. 75)

== 921. Word-building (p. 75)
== 922. Use of English loans (p. 75)
== 923. Calques from English (p. 76)

== 93. Morphology (p. 77)

== 94. Syntax (p. 77)

*Bibliography*

*BACK TO TOP*


PART III: THE TEXTS

1. *(U) Mir Amman, Bag o bahar (1801)*; *text*

2. *(H) Insha Allah Khan, Rani Ketki ki kahani (c. 1803)*; *text*

3. *(U) Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Letter to Tafta (1862)*; *text*

4. *(U) Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Musafiran-e Landan (1869)*; *text*

5. *(H) Bharatendu Harishchandra, Dilli darbar darpan (1877)*; *text*

6. *(U) Altaf Husain Hali, Muqaddama (1893)*; *text*

7. *(H) Badrinarayan Chaudhri Premghan, Hamari desh ki bhasha aur aksar (1895)*; *text*

8. *(H) Balmukund Gupta, Hindi men 'bindi' (1900)*; *text*

9. *(U) D. C. Phillott, Xwab o xayal (1910)*; *text*

10. *(U) Abdul Haq, Qava'id-e urdu (1914)*; *text*

11. *(U) Abdul Halim Sharar, Guzashta Lakhnau (c.1920)*; *text*

12. *(H) Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Kavi kartavya (1921/22)*; *text*

13. *(U) Mirza Farhatullah Beg, Nazir Ahmad ki kahani (c.1925)*; *text*

14. *(U) Abul Kalam Azad, Tarjuman ul-Quran (1930)*; *text*

15. *(H) Premchand, Urdu hindi aur hindustani (1939)*; *text*

16. *(H) M. K. Gandhi, Correspondence with P. D. Tandon (1945)*; *text*

17. *(H) Ramchandra Varma, Acchi hindi (1946)*; *text*

18. *(U) Sajjad Zaheer, Urdu hindi hindustani (1947)*; *text*

19. *(H) Rajendra Prasad, Atmakatha (1947)*; *text*

20. *(H) Rahul Sankrityayan, Meri jivan-yatra (1952)*; *text*

21. *(H) Harivanshray Bachchan, Kya bhulun kya yad karun? (1969)*; *text*

22. *(U) Kausar Niyazi, Urdu zaban ki ahamiyat (1972)*; *text*

23. *(H) Ramvilas Sharma, Nirala ki sahitya-sadhana (1972)*; *text*

24. *(U) Ain ul-Haq Faridkoti, Urdu zaban ki qadim tarix (1972)*; *text*

*Hindi-English Glossary*

*Urdu-English Glossary*

*Index of Terms*

*BACK TO TOP*



 

== Urdu-Hindi language and literature == DSAL dictionaries == FWP's main page ==