Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years
of classroom notes by FWP, 2006 onward. *script chart*; *positional chart*; *more help* 0.1 The
letters
0.2 Connectors and non-connectors 0.3 A word about diacritics 0.4 A note about these notes 0.5 A tribute to Devanagari 1.1 The
letter alif
1.2 The letter alif madd 1.3 The be series 1.4 The letter nuun 1.5 The letter chho;Tii ye 4.1 The
letters siin and shiin
4.2 The letter .svaad 4.3 The letter .zvaad 4.4 The letter :to))e 4.5 The letter :zo))e 5.1
Diacritics -- zer, zabar, and pesh
5.2 Diacritics -- the jazm 5.3 Diacritics -- the tashdiid 5.4 Diacritics -- the i.zaafat 8.1 The
letter chho;Tii he
8.2 The phantom vowel "eh" 8.3 The phantom vowel "oh" 8.4 The mysteries of yih and vuh 12.1 The diacritic kha;Raa zabar
12.2 The construction tanviin 12.3 The letter alif-e maq.suurah 12.4 The letter vaa))o-e ma((duulah 16.1
Recognizing word sources
16.2 From Hindi to Urdu: the changes 16.3 Common Persian and Arabic forms 17.1
Simplicity will take you far
17.2 In praise of postpositions 17.3 Possessed by postpositions 17.4 Compelled by postpositions 18.1
Sentence organizers
19.1 Some
translation problems
19.2 Direct discourse and kih 19.3 Do the tenses really correspond? 19.4 Other common confusions
23.1
Those annoying compound verbs
23.2 The modals and other odd fish 23.3 A newly evolving verb form |
xx |
== Urdu
language-learning materials == Fran's
favorites == fwp's
main page ==